Thron M; Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Woll A; Doller L; InQuittmann OJ; Härtel S; Ruf L; Altmann S;

Journal of strength and conditioning research [J Strength Cond Res] 2024 May 24.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 24.

Physiological and locomotor profiling enables to differentiate between sprinters, 400-m runners, and middle-distance runners. [J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024]-Different approaches exist for characterizing athletes, e.g., physiological and locomotor profiling. The aims of this study were to generate and compare physiological and locomotor profiles of male and female runners and to evaluate relationships between the different approaches. Thirty-four highly trained adolescent and young adult female and male athletes (n = 11 sprinters; n = 11,400-m runners; n = 12 middle-distance runners) performed two 100-m sprints on a running track to determine maximal sprinting speed (MSS) and maximal lactate accumulation rate (ċLamax).
A cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed on a treadmill to determine maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max). Anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) was calculated as the difference between MSS and MAS. Group comparisons were conducted with a 2-way ANOVA (discipline × sex; p < 0.05) and Bonferroni post hoc tests and Cohen’s d as effect size. Parameters were correlated by Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Maximal aerobic speed and V̇o2max were higher in 400-m and middle-distance runners compared with sprinters (p ≤ 0.02; -2.24 ≤ d ≤ -1.29). Maximal sprinting speed and ċLamax were higher in sprinters and 400-m runners compared with middle-distance runners (0.03 ≤ p ≤ 0.28; 0.73 ≤ d ≤ 1.23). Anaerobic speed reserve was highest in sprinters and lowest in middle-distance runners (p ≤ 0.03; 1.24 ≤ d ≤ 2.79). High correlations were found between ASR and MAS, MSS, and ċLamax (p < 0.01; -0.55 ≤ r ≤ 0.91) and between ċLamax and MSS (p < 0.01; r = 0.74).
Our results indicate that athletes of different sprinting and running disciplines show differing physiological and locomotor profiles, and that the parameters of these approaches are related to each other. This can be of interest for assessing strengths and weaknesses (e.g., for talent identification) or training prescription in these disciplines.

de Souza IPMA; Author Affiliations: D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Cardio Pulmonar Hospital, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (Mss de Souza and de Oliveira, Drs Darzé and Ritt); Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (Ms de Souza, Drs Ramos, Ribeiro, Pazelli, Darzé, and Ritt); and Clinicas Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Drs da Silveira and Stein).
Ramos JVSP; da Silveira AD; Stein R; Ribeiro RS; Pazelli AM; de Oliveira QB; Darzé ES; Ritt LEF;

Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention [J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev] 2024 May 07.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 07.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the independent and added value of a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) to New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional analysis in patients with heart failure (HF) and ejection fraction (EF) <50%.
Methods: Patients (n = 613) with HF and EF < 50% underwent CPX and were followed for 28 ± 17 mo with respect to primary outcomes (death or heart transplantation).
Results: Mean patient age was 57 ± 12 yr and 64% were male. Most patients were classified as NYHA class II (41%). The composite rate of primary outcomes was 12%; death occurred in 9% and heart transplant in 4%. Independent predictors of primary outcomes were: EF (HR = 0.95: 95% CI, 0.92-0.98; P = .001) and NYHA (HR = 2.06: 95% CI, 1.54-2.75; P < .0001). When added to the model, peak oxygen uptake (peak) was an independent predictor (HR = 0.90: 95% CI, 0.84-0.96; P = .001), as was the percentage of predicted peak (HR = 0.03: 95% CI, 0.007-0.147; P < .001), minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope (HR = 1.02: 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; P = .012), and CPX score (HR = 1.16: 95% CI, 1.06-1.27; P = .001).
Conclusions: CPX variables were independent predictors of HJ prognosis, even when controlled by NYHA functional class. Despite being independent predictors, the value added to NYHA classification was modest and lacked statistical significance.

Meziab O; Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of Arizona,  Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
Dereszkiewicz E; Guerrero CE; Hoyer AW; Barber BJ; Klewer SE; Seckeler M;

Pediatric cardiology [Pediatr Cardiol] 2024 May 09.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 09.

Patients with Fontan physiology have reduced exercise performance compared to their peers as well as a higher incidence of bundle branch block (BBB). This study aims to investigate the association between BBB and exercise performance in the Fontan population through a retrospective review of the Pediatric Heart Network Fontan study public use dataset. “Low Performers” were defined as ≤ 25th percentile (for Fontan patients) for each exercise parameter at anaerobic threshold (AT) for gender and age and “Normal Performers” were all other patients. A total of 303 patients with Fontan physiology who underwent exercise testing reached AT and had complete data for BBB. BBB occurred more frequently in Low Performers for VO ₂ [OR (95% CI): 2.6 (1.4, 4.8)] and Work [OR (95% CI): 2.7 (1.4, 5.1)], suggesting that BBB in the Fontan population is associated with reduced exercise performance. This data adds to the existing clinical evidence of the adverse effects of conduction abnormalities on single ventricle cardiac output and adds support for consideration of cardiac resynchronization and multi-site ventricular pacing in this patient population.

(© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Wang AP; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Ward K; Griffith G; Gambetta K;

Pediatric transplantation [Pediatr Transplant] 2024 Jun; Vol. 28 (4), pp. e14772.

Background: Obesity and impaired exercise tolerance following heart transplantation increase the risk of post-transplant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of body mass index on markers of exercise capacity in pediatric heart transplant recipients and compare this effect with a healthy pediatric cohort.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of cardiopulmonary exercise test data between 2004 and 2022 was performed. All patients exercised on a treadmill using the Bruce protocol. Inclusion criteria included patients aged 6-21 years, history of heart transplantation (transplant cohort) or no cardiac diagnosis (control cohort) at the time of testing, and a maximal effort test. Patients were further stratified within these two cohorts as underweight, normal, overweight, and obese based on body mass index groups. Two-way analyses of variance were performed with diagnosis and body mass index category as the independent variables.
Results: A total of 250 exercise tests following heart transplant and 1963 exercise tests of healthy patients were included. Heart transplant patients across all body mass index groups had higher resting heart rate and lower maximal heart rate, heart rate recovery at 1 min, exercise duration, and peak aerobic capacity (VO _2peak ). Heart transplant patients in the normal and overweight body mass index categories had higher VO _2peak and exercise duration when compared to underweight and obese patients.
Conclusion: Underweight status and obesity are strongly associated with lower VO _2peak and exercise duration in heart transplant patients. Normal and overweight heart transplant patients had the best markers of exercise capacity.

Kristenson, K; Linköping University, Sweden
Hedman, K;

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024 Mar 5:S0022-5223(24)00187-9.
doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2024.02.021. Online ahead of print.

Geng L; Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China.
Huang S; Zhang T; Wang L; Zhou J; Gao L; Wang Y; Li J; Guo W; Li Y; Zhang Q;

International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature [Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc] 2024 Apr 13; Vol. 52, pp. 101409.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 13 (Print Publication: 2024).

Background: The role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters in evaluating the functional severity of coronary disease remains unclear. The aim of this study was to quantify the O ₂ -pulse morphology and investigate its relevance in predicting the functional severity of coronary stenosis, using Murray law-based quantitative flow ratio (μQFR) as the reference.
Methods: CPET and μQFR were analyzed in 138 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). The O ₂ -pulse morphology was quantified through calculating the O ₂ -pulse slope ratio. The presence of O ₂ -pulse plateau was defined according to the best cutoff value of O ₂ -pulse slope ratio for predicting μQFR ≤ 0.8.
Results: The optimal cutoff value of O ₂ -pulse slope ratio for predicting μQFR ≤ 0.8 was 0.4, with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.632 (95 % CI: 0.505-0.759, p =  0.032). The total discordance rate between O ₂ -pulse slope ratio and μQFR was 27.5 %, with 13 patients (9.4 %) being classified as mismatch (O ₂ -pulse slope ratio > 0.4 and μQFR ≤ 0.8) and 25 patients being classified as reverse-mismatch (O ₂ -pulse slope ratio ≤ 0.4 and μQFR > 0.8). Angiography-derived microvascular resistance was independently associated with mismatch (OR 0.07; 95 % CI: 0.01-0.38, p =  0.002) and reverse-mismatch (OR 9.76; 95 % CI: 1.47-64.82, p =  0.018).
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the potential of the CPET-derived O ₂ -pulse slope ratio for assessing myocardial ischemia in stable CAD patients

Farah CS; Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia.
Seccombe LM; King GG; Chapman DG; Irvin CG;

Respirology case reports [Respirol Case Rep] 2024 Apr 26; Vol. 12 (5), pp. e01360.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 26 (Print Publication: 2024).

A 64-year-old obese gentleman attended for further evaluation of ongoing dyspnoea in the context of a previous diagnosis of moderate COPD treated with dual long-acting bronchodilators. A cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) was performed, which demonstrated reduced peak work and oxygen consumption with evidence of dynamic hyperinflation, abnormal gas exchange and ventilatory limitation despite cardiac reserve. The CPET clarified the physiological process underpinning the patient’s dyspnoea and limiting the patient’s activities. This, in turn, helped the clinician tailor the patient’s management plan.

Panassollo TRB; School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand.
Lord S; Rashid U; Taylor D; Mawston G;

European journal of applied physiology [Eur J Appl Physiol] 2024 Apr 29.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 29.

Purpose: Heart rate (HR) response is likely to vary in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD), particularly for those with chronotropic incompetence (CI). This study explores the impact of CI on HR and metabolic responses during cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in people with PD, and its implications for exercise intensity prescription.
Methods: Twenty-eight participants with mild PD and seventeen healthy controls underwent CPET to identify the presence or absence of CI. HR and metabolic responses were measured at submaximal (first (VT1) and second (VT2) ventilatory thresholds), and at peak exercise. Main outcome measures were HR, oxygen consumption (VO ₂ ), and changes in HR responses (HR/WR slope) to an increase in exercise demand.
Results: CI was present in 13 (46%) PD participants (PDCI), who during CPET, exhibited blunted HR responses compared to controls and PD non-CI beyond 60% of maximal workload (p ≤ 0.05). PDCI presented a significantly lower HR at VT2, and peak exercise compared to PD non-CI and controls (p ≤ 0.001). VO ₂ was significantly lower in PDCI than PD non-CI and controls at VT2 (p = 0.003 and p = 0.036, respectively) and at peak exercise (p = 0.001 and p = 0.023, respectively).
Conclusion: Although poorly understood, the presence of CI in PD and its effect on HR and metabolic responses during incremental exercise is significant and important to consider when programming aerobic exercises.

Kunutsor SK; Diabetes Research Centre,  Leicester, UK. & Korea & Finland
Jae SY; Kurl S; Laukkanen JA;

No abstract available

Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ [Scand Cardiovasc J] 2024 Dec; Vol. 58 (1), pp. 2347289.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 29.

Stephan H; Department of Sports Medicine, University of Wuppertal, Moritzstraße 14, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany.
Klophaus N; Wehmeier UF; Tomschi F; Hilberg T;

Journal of clinical medicine [J Clin Med] 2024 Apr 12; Vol. 13 (8).
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 12.

Background : Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is not used routinely. The goal of this study was to determine whether accurate estimates of VO ₂ values can be made at the beginning and at the end of a rehabilitation program.
Methods : A total of 91 cardiac rehabilitation patients were included. Each participant had to complete cardiopulmonary exercise testing at the beginning and at the end of a rehabilitation program. Measured VO ₂ values were compared with estimates based on three different equations.
Results : Analyses of the means of the differences in the peak values showed very good agreement between the results obtained with the FRIEND equation or those obtained with a combination of rules of thumb and the results of the measurements. This agreement was confirmed with the ICCs and with the standard errors of the measurements. The ACSM equation performed worse. The same tendency was seen when considering the VO ₂ values at percentage-derived work rates.
Conclusions : The FRIEND equation and the more easily applicable combination of rules of thumb are suitable for estimating the peak VO ₂ and the VO ₂ at a percentage-derived work rate in cardiac patients both at the beginning and at the end of a cardiac rehabilitation program.