Tsuda T; Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA.
Davidow K; D’Aloisio G; Quillen J;

Cardio-oncology (London, England) [Cardiooncology] 2023 Nov 17; Vol. 9 (1), pp. 42.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Nov 17.

Background: Asymptomatic childhood cancer survivors (CCS) frequently show decreased exercise performance. Poor exercise performance may indicate impaired future cardiovascular health.
Methods: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) was performed in asymptomatic off-treatment CCS (age ≥ 10 years). Patients were divided into Normal and Poor performance groups by %predicted maximum VO2 at 80%. Both peak and submaximal CPET values were analyzed.
Results: Thirty-eight males (19 Normal, 19 Poor) and 40 females (18 Normal, 22 Poor) were studied. Total anthracycline dosage was comparable among 4 groups. The body mass index (BMI), although normal, and weight were significantly higher in Poor groups. Peak heart rate (HR) and peak respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were comparable in all four groups. Peak work rate (pWR)/kg, peak oxygen consumption (pVO2)/kg, peak oxygen pulse (pOP)/kg, and ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT)/kg were significantly lower, whereas heart rate (HR) increase by WR/kg (ΔHR/Δ[WR/kg] was significantly higher in Poor groups. Simultaneously plotting of weight & pVO2 and ΔHR/ΔWR & ΔVO2/ΔHR revealed a distinct difference between the Normal and Poor groups in both sexes, suggesting decreased skeletal muscle mass and decreased stroke volume reserve, respectively, in Poor CCS. The relationship between VAT and pVO2 was almost identical between the two groups in both sexes. Ventilatory efficiency was mildly diminished in the Poor groups.
Conclusions: Decreased skeletal muscle mass, decreased stroke volume reserve, and slightly decreased ventilatory efficiency characterize Poor CCS in both sexes. This unique combined CPET analysis provides useful clinical biomarkers to screen subclinical cardiovascular abnormality in CCS and identifies an area for improvement.

Orr WB; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Colombo JN; Roberts B; Avari Silva JN; Missouri, USA.; Balzer D; Shahanavaz S;

CJC pediatric and congenital heart disease [CJC Pediatr Congenit Heart Dis] 2022 Jun 17; Vol. 1 (4), pp. 193-197.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jun 17 (Print Publication: 2022).

Previous studies have used cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) data to objectively assess physiological changes in patients undergoing percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. A retrospective review was performed to assess pre- and post-CPET data among patients undergoing Alterra Adaptive Prestent and SAPIEN 3 transcatheter heart valve (Alterra) placement. Of the 7 patients eligible for the study, 5 (71%) were male. The mean age was 22 years (range: 12-49 years). CPET data showed significant ( P  = 0.03) improvement in ventilatory efficiency (V _E /V _CO2 ) while only 2 (29%) patients had an improvement of percent predicted peak oxygen consumption (V _O2 ). These findings suggest favourable haemodynamic changes though further investigation is needed.

Mahendran AK; Department of Pediatrics,  University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Katz D; Opotowsky AR; Lubert AM;

CJC pediatric and congenital heart disease [CJC Pediatr Congenit Heart Dis] 2023 Jan 14; Vol. 2 (3), pp. 112-123.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Jan 14 (Print Publication: 2023).

The Fontan circulation, a surgical palliation for single-ventricle congenital heart disease, profoundly impacts the cardiopulmonary response to exercise. Reliant on passive pulmonary blood flow, the Fontan circulation has limited capacity to augment cardiac output as necessary to supply working muscles during exercise. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) objectively assesses cardiorespiratory fitness and provides insight into the etiology of exercise intolerance. Furthermore, CPET variables, such as peak oxygen consumption and submaximal variables, have prognostic value and may be used as meaningful endpoints in research studies. CPET is also useful in clinical research applications to assess the effect of pharmacologic or other interventions. Medical therapies to improve exercise tolerance in individuals with a Fontan circulation, such as pulmonary vasodilators, may modestly improve peak oxygen consumption. Exercise training focused on aerobic fitness and lower extremity strength may have a more consistent and larger impact on these measures of aerobic fitness. CPET is a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool for those with a Fontan circulation. Newer ancillary assessments, such as noninvasive peripheral venous pressure monitoring and cardiac output measurements, hold promise to provide a more nuanced insight into the underlying pathophysiology.

Mooren JM; Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany.;
Garbsch R; Schäfer H; Kotewitsch M; Waranski M; Teschler M; Schmitz B; Mooren FC;

Journal of clinical medicine [J Clin Med] 2023 Oct 25; Vol. 12 (21).
Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Oct 25.

Introduction: Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) is a multisystemic disorder marked by impaired physical performance as one lead symptom. Since it has been suggested that endurance training as part of medical rehabilitation may be effective in improving physical performance capacity in PCS, this study aimed to compare different modes of aerobic endurance training.
Methods: A total of 110 PCS patients (49.3 ± 11.8 years; 38% women; time after infection = 260.2 ± 127.5 days) underwent detailed clinical screening including symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing at admission and after 4-6 weeks of inpatient medical rehabilitation. Questionnaires were used to assess disease perception. Patients performed controlled isocaloric cycle ergometer training (3-5 sessions/week; 18 min) as either continuous training (CT) at 50% of maximal workload or as interval training (IT; load = 60%, relief = 30%). Outcomes of PCS patients were compared to coronary artery disease patients (CAD; n = 96) to evaluate overall training effectiveness.
Results: Training participation was comparable between the groups, with no indication of training-specific exercise-induced fatigue. Overall, PCS patients improved significantly by a mean of 6.8 ± 12.1% for W at VT1; 3.1 ± 10.0% for VO ₂ at VT1; 5.5 ± 14.7% for O ₂ pulse at VT1; 7.5 ± 15.0% for W at VO _2peak ; 2.7 ± 11.0% for VO _2peak and 4.6 ± 12.4% for O ₂ pulse at VO _2peak (all p < 0.05) with no significant differences between groups ( p > 0.05). Both groups showed reduced levels of fatigue, anxiety, and depression as well as improved quality of life and wellbeing (all p < 0.05). Compared to guideline-based cardiac rehabilitation, PCS patients showed a similar improvement in workload and oxygen uptake compared to CAD patients.
Conclusion: PCS patients benefit from aerobic endurance training performed as moderate continuous or interval training as part of a medical rehabilitation program in terms of improved physical exercise capacity and disease perception. The results for PCS patients are comparable to the guideline-based rehabilitation of CAD patients.

Huang SC; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital,  Taiwan.;
Lee CH; Hsu CC; Chang SY; Chen YA; Chiu CH; Hsiao CC; Su HR; S

Frontiers in physiology [Front Physiol] 2023 Oct 25; Vol. 14, pp. 1253598.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Oct 25 (Print Publication: 2023).

Introduction: The acquisition of blood lactate concentration (BLC) during exercise is beneficial for endurance training, yet a convenient method to measure it remains unavailable. BLC and electrocardiogram (ECG) both exhibit variations with changes in exercise intensity and duration. In this study, we hypothesized that BLC during exercise can be predicted using ECG data.
Methods: Thirty-one healthy participants underwent four cardiopulmonary exercise tests, including one incremental test and three constant work rate (CWR) tests at low, moderate, and high intensity. Venous blood samples were obtained immediately after each CWR test to measure BLC. A mathematical model was constructed using 31 trios of CWR tests, which utilized a residual network combined with long short-term memory to analyze every beat of lead II ECG waveform as 2D images. An artificial neural network was used to analyze variables such as the RR interval, age, sex, and body mass index.
Results: The standard deviation of the fitting error was 0.12 mmol/L for low and moderate intensities, and 0.19 mmol/L for high intensity. Weighting analysis demonstrated that ECG data, including every beat of ECG waveform and RR interval, contribute predominantly.
Conclusion: By employing 2D convolution and artificial neural network-based methods, BLC during exercise can be accurately estimated non-invasively using ECG data, which has potential applications in exercise training.
Competing Interests: Author H-RS are employed by Super Genius Aitak Co., LTD. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Smits A; Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead NE9 6SX, UK.;
Agius CM; Blake D; Ang C; Kucukmetin A; Ham MV; Pijnenborg JMA; Knight J; Rundle S

Cancers [Cancers (Basel)] 2023 Oct 28; Vol. 15 (21).
Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Oct 28.

Preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides an objective assessment of functional capability. In other intra-abdominal surgical specialties, CPET outcomes are predictive of operative morbidity. However, in ovarian cancer surgery, its predictive value remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the association between CPET performance and surgical morbidity in ovarian cancer patients. Secondly, we assessed the association between CPET performance and other surgical outcomes (i.e., hospital stay, readmission and residual disease). This was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing primary surgery for ovarian cancer between 2020 and 2023. CPET performance included peak oxygen uptake (VO₂ max), ventilatory efficiency (VE/VO₂ ) and anaerobic threshold. Outcomes were operative morbidity and included intra- and postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo), hospital stay, readmission within 30 days and residual disease. A total of 142 patients were included. A lower VO₂ peak and a higher VE/VCO₂ were both associated with the occurrence of postoperative complications, and a poorer anaerobic threshold was associated with more transfusions. VE/VCO₂ remained significantly associated after multivariate analysis ( p = 0.035). None of the CPET outcomes were associated with length of stay, readmission or residual disease. In conclusion, VE/VCO ₂ was significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause postoperative complications in ovarian cancer patients undergoing primary surgery.

Weigelt A; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Schöffl I; Rottermann K; Wällisch W; Müller SK; Dittrich S; Hübner MJ

European journal of pediatrics [Eur J Pediatr] 2023 Nov 11.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Nov 11.

Face masks were recognized as one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus in adults. These benefits were extended to children and adolescents. However, the fear of negative consequences from wearing a face mask during physical exercise led to cancellations of physical education lessons. This further decreased the amount of physical activity available to children and adolescents during the pandemic. However, there is little published data on the potential adverse effects of wearing the most effective and partially mandatory FFP2/N95 face masks during PE or physical activity (PA) in this age. Even though the pandemic has been declared as passed by the WHO, the rise of a new pandemic and thus the use of face masks for limiting its spread is inevitable, so we need to be better prepared for alternative options to lockdown and limitation of PA in such a scenario. Twenty healthy children aged 8-10 years performed two identical cardiopulmonary exercise tests as an incremental step test on a treadmill within an interval of 2 weeks, one time without wearing a protective mask and one time wearing an FFP2 mask. The cardiopulmonary exercise parameter and especially the end-expiratory gas exchange for oxygen and carbon dioxide (petO ₂ and petCO ₂ ) were documented for each step, at rest and 1 min after reaching physical exhaustion. Twelve boys (mean age 8.5 ± 1.4 years) and 8 girls (mean age 8.8 ± 1.4 years) showed no adverse events until maximal exertion. The mean parameters measured at peak exercise did not differ significantly between both examinations (mean peak VO ₂  = 42.7 ± 9.5 vs 47.8 ± 12.9 ml/min/kg, p = 0.097, mean O ₂ pulse 7.84 ± 1.9 ml/min vs. 6.89 ± 1.8, p = 0.064, mean VE/VCO ₂ slope 33.4 ± 5.9 vs. 34.0 ± 5.3, p = 0.689). The only significant difference was the respiratory exchange rate (RER, 1.01 ± 0.08 vs 0.95 ± 0.08, p = 0.004). The measured respiratory gases (end-tidal O ₂ and CO ₂ ) decreased and respectively increased significantly in almost every step when wearing an FFP2 mask. However, these levels were well below hypercapnia and above hypoxia.
Conclusion:  In this study, no significant differences in the cardiorespiratory function at peak exercise could be discerned when wearing an FFP2/N95 face mask. While the end-tidal values for CO ₂ increased significantly and the end-tidal values for O ₂ decreased significantly, these values did never reach levels of hypercapnia or hypoxia. Furthermore, the children terminated the exercise at a lower RER and heart rate (HR) suggesting a subconscious awareness of the higher strain. Since the detrimental effects of limiting sports during the pandemic are well documented, stopping PE lessons altogether because of the minor physiological effects of wearing these masks instead of simply stopping pushing children to perform at their best seems premature and should be reconsidered in the future.
What Is Known: • Wearing a face mask has an influence on psychological, social, and physiological functions in adults. • Because of the observed effects of wearing face masks in adults, physical activity in children was limited during the pandemic.
What Is New: • Wearing an FFP2/N95 mask during physical activity did not lead to hypercapnia or hypoxia in children in this study. • Even though end-tidal CO2 values were significantly higher and end-tidal O2 values significantly lower when wearing an FFP2/N95 face mask, no pathological values were reached.

Juan Antonio PJ; Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Laboratory;  Centro Médico Nacional ISSSTE.
Dulce María NO; Juan Antonio SC; Jorge Antonio LV; José Rodolfo AM; Hugo Alberto RA; Eduardo Alfonso LV; Julieta Danira MP; Enrique GÁ; Brenda SJ; Paul MT;

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE [J Vis Exp] 2023 Sep 22 (199).
Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Sep 22.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) represents a group of clinical syndromes characterized by myocardial ischemia, leading to an impairment in the myocardial blood supply and compromised perfusion. Several clinical variables assessed through a stress test, such as oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate oxygen pulse (HR/O2), have been attributed as cardiopulmonary prognostic factors in patients with IHD. However, other factors like hydration status (HS), potentially affecting the cardiopulmonary response, have been barely addressed. Unbalanced HS has a short-term effect on plasma volume and the sympathetic nervous system, which impacts blood volume, and lowers VO2 and HR/O2. Recently, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), a method based on the opposition of body tissues (including fluid volume) to a low electrical current, has been widely used to assess HS by obtaining two components: resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) and using prediction formulas. However, several limitations as chronic illness or abnormal fluid status, may affect the results. In this sense, alternative BIA methods, such as bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), have become relevant. R and Xc (adjusted by height) result in a vector plotted on the R/Xc graph, which allows interpreting the HS as normal or abnormal according to the distance of the mean vector. This study aims to describe how to determine HS by BIVA using a single-frequency device and compare the results with the cardiopulmonary response in patients with IHD.

Tanaka R; Division of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Okayama Heart Clinic, Okayama, Japan.
Waki I; Kamikawa S; Yamashita D; Tabita N; Nishimura S; Higashiya S; Yamaji H; Murakami T; Kusachi S;

Journal of exercise rehabilitation [J Exerc Rehabil] 2023 Oct 25; Vol. 19 (5), pp. 268-274.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Oct 25 (Print Publication: 2023).

Prompt prescription and early initiation of exercise training are essential for patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We hypothesized that cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters determined the day after elective PCI during hospitalization would not differ from those obtained 1-3 weeks post-PCI in patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD).
CPET was performed the day after and 1-3 weeks (13±4.6; 7-21 days) after PCI. CPET was performed with a bicycle ergometer up to the ventilatory aerobic threshold (VAT) on the day after PCI. Symptom-limited CPET was conducted 1-3 weeks after PCI. No complications arose from the tests. There were no significant differences in %VAT (next day: 88.6±16.7 vs. 1-3 weeks later: 91.4%±18.7%), the workload at the VAT (51.8±11.0 W vs. 52.9± 11.6 W), heart rate (HR) at the VAT (95.3±105 beats/min vs. 94.1±11.3 beats/min), or metabolic equivalent (METs) at the VAT (3.69±0.69 vs. 3.84±0.78) between the two sessions. The slope of linear regression for two repeated measurements was close to 1 (%VAT, 1.02; workload at the VAT, 0.95; METs at the VAT, 1.03), except for HR (0.70). Bland-Altman plots revealed the reproducibility of all four CPET measurements between the two sessions. In conclusion, CPET up to the VAT can be performed safely 1-day post-PCI in patients with stable CHD. CPET parameters do not significantly differ between testing performed the day after and 1-3 weeks after PCI. Next-day CPET during hospitalization after PCI may enable prompt exercise prescription without the need for another CPET 1-3 weeks later.

Leeman JE; Dana Farber Cancer Institute & Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston and Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
Lapen K; Fuchs HE;Gonen Michalski M; Gillespie EF;Jones LW; McCormick B;

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics [Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys] 2023 Oct 30.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Oct 30.

Purpose/objectives: Fatigue is among the most common but one of the most poorly understood radiotherapy-associated toxicities. This prospective study sought to investigate whether cardiorespiratory fitness, an integrative measure of whole-body cardiopulmonary function, is associated with patient-reported fatigue among women with early-stage breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy.
Materials/methods: Patients with stage Tis-T2N0M0 breast cancer and an ECOG performance status of 0-1 who were undergoing breast radiotherapy performed a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a motorized treadmill to assess cardiorespiratory fitness (VO₂ peak). Fatigue was assessed by the FACIT Fatigue Scale. Both assessments were performed during or immediately after radiotherapy completion. All patients were treated with an opposed tangent technique to a dose of 4240 cGy in 16 fractions with or without a lumpectomy bed boost. Patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy were excluded. Pearson’s correlation coefficients and univariate linear regression were used to assess associations between VO₂ peak, fatigue, and patient characteristics.
Results: Twenty-eight patients (median age 52 years, range 31-71) completed both CPET and FACIT assessments. Median VO₂ peak was 25.1 mL O₂ ^. kg ^-1. min ^-1 (range 16.7-41.7). The majority of subjects (78.6%) displayed a VO ₂ peak less than their age-predicted VO₂ peak. Both age and BMI were significantly associated with VO₂ peak levels. Median fatigue score was 41.5 (range 10-52), with lower values indicating more fatigue. VO₂ peak was not associated with FACIT score (p=0.20).
Conclusions: Overall, VO₂ peak was not a significant predictor of radiotherapy-related fatigue. Most breast cancer patients had marked impairments in cardiorespiratory fitness as determined by VO₂ peak. Larger prospective studies are needed to further investigate this novel finding, and to evaluate the effects of interventions aimed at improving cardiorespiratory fitness and their ability to potentially prevent fatigue.