Mapelli M; Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.;
Salvioni E; Bonomi A; Paneroni M; Raimondo R; Gugliandolo P; Mattavelli I; Bidoglio J; Mirza KK; La Rovere MT; Gustafsson F; Agostoni P;

ESC heart failure [ESC Heart Fail] 2024 Jan 29.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jan 29.

Aims: Although cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold standard to assess exercise capacity, simpler tests (i.e., 6-min walk test, 6MWT) are also commonly used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cardiorespiratory parameters during CPET and 6MWT in a large, multicentre, heterogeneous population.
Methods: We included athletes, healthy subjects, and heart failure (HF) patients of different severity, including left ventricular assist device (LVAD) carriers, who underwent both CPET and 6MWT with oxygen consumption measurement.
Results: We enrolled 186 subjects (16 athletes, 40 healthy, 115 non-LVAD HF patients, and 15 LVAD carriers). CPET-peakV̇O ₂ was 41.0 [35.0-45.8], 26.2 [23.1-31.0], 12.8 [11.1-15.3], and 15.2 [13.6-15.6] ml/Kg/min in athletes, healthy, HF patients, and LVAD carriers, respectively (P < 0.001). During 6MWT they used 63.5 [56.3-76.8], 72.0 [57.8-81.0], 95.5 [80.3-109], and 95.0 [92.0-99.0] % of their peakV̇O ₂ , respectively. None of the athletes, 1 healthy (2.5%), 30 HF patients (26.1%), and 1 LVAD carrier (6.7%), reached a 6MWT-V̇O ₂ higher than their CPET-peakV̇O ₂ . Both 6MWT-V̇O ₂ and walked distance were significantly associated with CPET-peakV̇O ₂ in the whole population (R ²  = 0.637 and R ²  = 0.533, P ≤ 0.001) but not in the sub-groups. This was confirmed after adjustment for groups.
Conclusions: The 6MWT can be a maximal effort especially in most severe HF patients and suggest that, in absence of prognostic studies related to 6MWT metabolic values, CPET should remain the first method of choice in the functional assessment of patients with HF as well as in sport medicine.

Husaini M; Department of Medicine,  Washington University School of Medicine,
Emery MS;

Cardiac electrophysiology clinics [Card Electrophysiol Clin] 2024 Mar; Vol. 16 (1), pp. 71-80.

The noninvasive assessment of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and ventilation during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) provides insight into the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic system’s ability to respond to exercise. Exercise physiology has been shown to be distinct for competitive athletes and highly active persons (CAHAPs), thus creating more nuanced interpretations of CPET parameters. CPET in CAHAP is an important test that can be used for both diagnosis (provoking symptoms during a truly maximal test) and performance.

Spicer MG; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,  Alice Springs, NT 0870, Australia.
Dennis AT; Department of Anaesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Joan Kirner Women’s and Children’s Hospital,

Journal of clinical medicine [J Clin Med] 2024 Jan 11; Vol. 13 (2).
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jan 11.

Background: Women have classically been excluded from the development of normal data and reference ranges, with pregnant women experiencing further neglect. The incidence of Caesarean section in pregnant women, and of general operative management in young women (both pregnant and non-pregnant), necessitates the formal development of healthy baseline data in these cohorts to optimise their perioperative management. This systematic review assesses the representation of young women in existing reference ranges for several functional exercise tests in common use to facilitate functional assessment in this cohort.
Methods: Existing reference range data for the exercise tests the Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT), the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) in young women of reproductive age were assessed using the MEDLINE (Ovid) database, last searched December 2023. Results were comparatively tabulated but not statistically analysed given underlying variances in data.
Results: The role of exercise testing in the perioperative period as an assessment tool, as well as its safety during pregnancy, was evaluated using 65 studies which met inclusion criteria.
Conclusion: There is a significant lack of baseline data regarding these tests in this population, especially amongst the pregnant cohort, which limits the application of exercise testing clinically.

Guirault A; Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada: Amiens, France: Bern, Switzerland: Manchester. UK
Leprêtre PM; Trachsel LD; Besnier F; Boidin M; Lalongé J; Juneau M; Bherer L; Nigam A; Gayda M;

International journal of sports medicine [Int J Sports Med] 2024 Jan 24.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jan 24.

This study aimed to highlight the ventilatory and circulatory determinants of changes in VO2peak after exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (ECR) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Eighty-two CHD patients performed, before and after a 3-month ECR, a cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a bike with gas exchanges measurments (VO2peak, minute ventilation; VE) and cardiac output (Qc). The arteriovenous difference in O2 (C(a-v )O2) and the alveolar capillary gradient in O2 (PAi-aO2) were calculated using Fick’s laws. Oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) was calculated. A 5.0% cut off was applied for differentiating non- (NR: ∆VO2<0.0%), low (LR: 0.0≤ ∆VO2<5.0%), moderate- (MR: 5.0≤∆VO2<10.0%) and high responders (HR: ∆VO2≥10.0%) to ECR. Forty-four % of patients were HR (n=36), 20% MR (n=16), 23% LR (n=19) and 13% NR (n=11). For HR, the VO2peak increase (p<0.01) was associated to increases in VE (+12.8±13.0L/min, p<0.01), Qc (+1.0±0.9L/min, p<0.01), and C(a-v)O2 (+2.3±2.5mLO2/100mL, p<0.01). MR patients were characterized by +6.7±19.7L/min increase in VE (p=0.04) and +0.7±1.0L/min of Qc (p<0.01). ECR induced decreases in VE (p=0.04) and C(a-v )O2 (p<0.01) and Qc increase in LR and NR patients (p<0.01). Peripheral and ventilatory responses more than central adaptations could responsible of the VO2peak change with ECR in CHD patients.

van Kan C; Department of Respiratory Medicine OLVG Amsterdam The Netherlands.
Tramper J; Bresser P; J Meijboom L; Symersky P; Winkelman JA; Nossent EJ; Aman J; Bogaard HJ; Vonk Noordegraaf A; van Es J;

Pulmonary circulation [Pulm Circ] 2024 Jan 24; Vol. 14 (1), pp. e12316.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jan 24 (Print Publication: 2024).

The correlation between hemodynamics and degree of pulmonary vascular obstruction (PVO) is known to be poor in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), which makes the selection of patients eligible for pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) challenging. It can be postulated that patients with similar PVO but different hemodynamic severity have different postoperative hemodynamics and exercise capacity. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effects of PEA on hemodynamics and exercise physiology in mild and severe CTEPH patients. We retrospectively studied 18 CTEPH patients with a mild hemodynamic profile (mean pulmonary arterial pressure [mPAP] between 25 and 30 mmHg at rest) and CTEPH patients with a more severe hemodynamic profile (mPAP > 30 mmHg), matched by age, gender, and PVO. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters were evaluated at baseline and 18 months following PEA. At baseline, exercise capacity, defined as oxygen uptake, was less severely impaired in the mild CTEPH group compared to the severe CTEPH group. After PEA, in the mild CTEPH group, ventilatory efficiency and oxygen pulse improved significantly ( p  < 0.05), however, the change in ventilatory efficiency and oxygen pulse was smaller compared to the severe CTEPH group. Only in the severe CTEPH group exercise capacity improved significantly ( p  < 0.001). Hence, in the present study, postoperative hemodynamic outcome and the CPET-determined recovery of exercise capacity in mild CTEPH patients did not differ from a matched group of severe CTEPH patients.

J. G. Kovoor, S. D. Nann, C. Chambers, K. Mishra, S. Goel, I. Thompson, Koh D; Litwin P; Bacchi S; Harford PJ; Stretton B; Gupta AK,

J Perioper Pract 2023 Pages 17504589231214395

Prehabilitation, or interventions before surgery aimed at improving preoperative health and postoperative outcomes, has various forms. Although it may confer benefit to patients undergoing general surgery, this is not certain. Furthermore, although it may yield a net monetary gain, it is also likely to require substantial monetary and non-monetary investment. The impact of prehabilitation is highly variable and dependent on multiple factors. Physical function and pulmonary outcomes are likely to be improved by most forms of prehabilitation involving physical and multimodal exercise programmes. However, other surgical outcomes have demonstrated mixed results from prehabilitation. Within this issue, the measures used for evaluating baseline patient biopsychosocial health are important, and collecting sufficient data to accurately inform patient-centred prehabilitation programmes is only possible through thorough clinical and laboratory investigation and synthesised metrics such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Although a multimodal approach to prehabilitation is the current gold standard, societal factors may affect engagement with programmes that require a significant in-person activity. However, this is weighed against the substantial financial and non-financial investment that accompanies many programmes. The overall effectiveness and optimal mode of intervention across the discipline of general surgery remains unclear, and further research is needed to prove prehabilitation’s full worth.

Brotto AR; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.;
Phillips DB; Rowland SD; Moore LE; Wong E;Stickland MK;

BMJ open respiratory research [BMJ Open Respir Res] 2023 Dec 22; Vol. 10 (1).
Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Dec 22.

Introduction: Individuals with asthma breathe at higher operating lung volumes during exercise compared with healthy individuals, which contributes to increased exertional dyspnoea. In health, females are more likely to develop exertional dyspnoea than males at a given workload or ventilation, and therefore, it is possible that females with asthma may develop disproportional dyspnoea on exertion. The purpose of this study was to compare operating lung volume and dyspnoea responses during exercise in females with and without asthma.
Methods: Sixteen female controls and 16 females with asthma were recruited for the study along with 16 male controls and 16 males with asthma as a comparison group. Asthma was confirmed using American Thoracic Society criteria. Participants completed a cycle ergometry cardiopulmonary exercise test to volitional exhaustion. Inspiratory capacity manoeuvres were performed to estimate inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) and dyspnoea was evaluated using the Modified Borg Scale.
Results: Females with asthma exhibited elevated dyspnoea during submaximal exercise compared with female controls (p<0.05). Females with asthma obtained a similar IRV and dyspnoea at peak exercise compared with healthy females despite lower ventilatory demand, suggesting mechanical constraint to tidal volume (V _T ) expansion. V _T -inflection point was observed at significantly lower ventilation and V̇ O ₂ in females with asthma compared with female controls. Forced expired volume in 1 s was significantly associated with V _T -inflection point in females with asthma (R ² =0.401; p<0.01) but not female controls (R ² =0.002; p=0.88).
Conclusion: These results suggest that females with asthma are more prone to experience exertional dyspnoea, secondary to dynamic mechanical constraints during submaximal exercise when compared with females without asthma.

Holt MF;  Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Flø A;Ravnestad H; Bjørnø V; Gullestad L; Andreassen AK; DBroch K; Gude E

ESC heart failure [ESC Heart Fail] 2023 Dec 29.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Dec 29.

Aims: Our aim was to investigate haemodynamics at rest and during exercise in patients with transthyretin cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) in light of the 2022 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines on pulmonary hypertension (PH).
Methods and Results: We performed right heart catheterization (RHC) in 57 subjects with ATTR-CM. The proportion of patients with PH was 77% according to the 2022 guidelines versus 47% when applying the 2015 guidelines. Isolated post-capillary PH and combined pre- and post-capillary PH were most prevalent. Thirty-six patients underwent a supine bicycle cardiopulmonary exercise test during RHC. Exercise-induced PH was defined as an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure from rest to exercise per increase in cardiac output (ΔmPAP/ΔCO) of > 3 mmHg/L/min. An increase in pulmonary arterial wedge pressure per change in cardiac output (ΔPAWP/ΔCO) from rest to exercise >2 mmHg/L/min was considered suggestive of post-capillary exercise-induced PH. All but two patients who exercised during RHC developed exercise-induced PH. The median ΔmPAP/ΔCO was 7.2 mmHg/L/min and ΔPAWP/ΔCO was 5.1 mmHg/L/min. The median ΔRAP/ΔCO was 3.6 mmHg/L/min and ΔRAP/ΔPAWP was 0.6 mmHg/L/min.
Conclusions: Most patients with ATTR-CM have isolated post-capillary or combined pre- and post-capillary PH at rest, and almost all patients develop exercise-induced PH with a large post-capillary component. There was a pronounced, but balanced increase in atrial pressures on exercise.

Kristenson K; Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
Gerring E; Björnsson B; Sandström P; Hedman K;

Physiological reports [Physiol Rep] 2024 Jan; Vol. 12 (1), pp. e15904.

This pilot study aimed to evaluate if peak VO ₂ and ventilatory efficiency in combination would improve preoperative risk stratification beyond only relying on peak VO ₂ . This was a single-center retrospective cohort study including all patients who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) as part of preoperative risk evaluation before major upper abdominal surgery during years 2008-2021. The primary outcome was any major cardiopulmonary complication during hospitalization. Forty-nine patients had a preoperative CPET before decision to pursue to surgery (cancer in esophagus [n = 18], stomach [6], pancreas [16], or liver [9]). Twenty-five were selected for operation. Patients who suffered any major cardiopulmonary complication had lower ventilatory efficiency (i.e., higher VE/VCO ₂ slope, 37.3 vs. 29.7, p = 0.031) compared to those without complications. In patients with a low aerobic capacity (i.e., peak VO ₂  < 20 mL/kg/min) and a VE/VCO ₂ slope ≥ 39, 80% developed a major cardiopulmonary complication. In this pilot study of patients with preoperative CPET before major upper abdominal surgery, patients who experienced a major cardiopulmonary complication had significantly lower ventilatory efficiency compared to those who did not. A low aerobic capacity in combination with low ventilatory efficiency was associated with a very high risk (80%) of having a major cardiopulmonary complication.