Zhou N; Scoubeau C; Forton K; Loi P; Closset J; Deboeck G; Moraine JJ; Klass M; Faoro V;

Obesity facts [Obes Facts] 2022 Jan 27, pp. 1-9.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 27.

Introduction: Patients undergoing weight loss surgery do not improve their aerobic capacity or peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) after bariatric surgery and some still complain about asthenia and/or breathlessness. We investigated the hypothesis that a post-surgery muscular limitation could impact the ventilatory response to exercise by evaluating the post-surgery changes in muscle mass, strength, and muscular aerobic capacity, measured by the first ventilatory threshold (VT).
Methods: Thirteen patients with obesity were referred to our university exercise laboratory before and 6 months after bariatric surgery and were matched by sex, age, and height to healthy subjects with normal weight. All subjects underwent a clinical examination, blood sampling, and body composition assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respiratory and limb muscle strength assessments, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cyclo-ergometer.
Results: Bariatric surgery resulted in a loss of 34% fat mass, 43% visceral adipose tissue, and 12% lean mass (LM) (p < 0.001). Absolute handgrip, quadriceps, or respiratory muscle strength remained unaffected, while quadriceps/handgrip strength relative to LM increased (p < 0.05). Absolute VO2peak or VO2peak/LM did not improve and the first VT was decreased after surgery (1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4 L min-1, p < 0.05) and correlated to the exercising LM (LM legs) (R = 0.84, p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Although bariatric surgery has numerous beneficial effects, absolute VO2peak does not improve and the weight loss-induced LM reduction is associated to an altered muscular aerobic capacity, as reflected by an early VT triggering early exercise hyperventilation.

Woodfield JC; Clifford K; Wilson GA; Munro F; Baldi JC;

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports [Scand J Med Sci Sports] 2022 Jan 28.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 28.

Purpose: Improving cardiopulmonary reserve, or peak oxygen consumption(V˙O _2peak ), may reduce postoperative complications; however, this may be difficult to achieve between diagnosis and surgery. Our primary aim was to assess the efficacy of an approximate 14-session, preoperative high-intensity interval training(HIIT) program to increaseV˙O _2peak by a clinically relevant 2 ml·kg ^-1 ·min ^-1 . Our secondary aim was to document clinical outcomes.
Methodology: In this prospective study, participants aged 45-85 undergoing major abdominal surgery were randomized to standard care or 14 sessions of HIIT over 4 weeks. HIIT sessions involved approximately 30 min of stationary cycling. Interval training alternated 1 min of high (with the goal of reaching 90% max heart rate at least once during the session) and low/moderate-intensity cycling. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing(CPET) measured the change inV˙O _2peak from baseline to surgery. Clinical outcomes included postoperative complications, length of stay(LOS), and Short Form 36 quality of life questionnaire(SF-36).
Results: Of 63 participants, 46 completed both CPETs and 50 completed clinical follow-up. There was a significant improvement in the HIIT group’s mean ± SDV˙O _2peak (HIIT 2.87 ± 1.94 ml·kg ¹ ·min ^-1 vs standard care 0.15 ± 1.93, with an overall difference of 2.73 ml·kg ¹ ·min ^-1 95%CI [1.53, 3.93] p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between groups for clinical outcomes, although the observed differences consistently favored the exercise group. This was most notable for total number of complications (0.64 v 1.16 per patient, p = 0.07), SF-36 physical component score (p = 0.06), and LOS (mean 5.5 v 7.4 days, p = 0.07).
Conclusions: There was a significant improvement inV˙O _2peak with a four-week preoperative HIIT program. Further appropriately powered work is required to explore the impact of preoperative HIIT on postoperative clinical outcomes.

Dos Santos PB; Simões RP; Goulart CL; Arêas GPT; Marinho RS; Camargo PF; Roscani MG; Arbex RF; Oliveira CR; Mendes RG; Arena R;Borghi-Silva A;

Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2022 Jan 31; Vol. 12 (1), pp. 1592.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 31.

Our aim was to evaluate: (1) the prevalence of coexistence of heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the studied patients; (2) the impact of HF + COPD on exercise performance and contrasting exercise responses in patients with only a diagnosis of HF or COPD; and (3) the relationship between clinical characteristics and measures of cardiorespiratory fitness; (4) verify the occurrence of cardiopulmonary events in the follow-up period of up to 24 months years. The current study included 124 patients (HF: 46, COPD: 53 and HF + COPD: 25) that performed advanced pulmonary function tests, echocardiography, analysis of body composition by bioimpedance and symptom-limited incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a cycle ergometer. Key CPET variables were calculated for all patients as previously described. The [Formula: see text] _E /[Formula: see text]CO ₂ slope was obtained through linear regression analysis. Additionally, the linear relationship between oxygen uptake and the log transformation of [Formula: see text] _E (OUES) was calculated using the following equation: [Formula: see text]O ₂  = a log [Formula: see text] _E  + b, with the constant ‘a’ referring to the rate of increase of [Formula: see text]O ₂ . Circulatory power (CP) was obtained through the product of peak [Formula: see text]O ₂ and peak systolic blood pressure and Ventilatory Power (VP) was calculated by dividing peak systolic blood pressure by the [Formula: see text] _E /[Formula: see text]CO ₂ slope. After the CPET, all patients were contacted by telephone every 6 months (6, 12, 18, 24) and questioned about exacerbations, hospitalizations for cardiopulmonary causes and death. We found a 20% prevalence of HF + COPD overlap in the studied patients. The COPD and HF + COPD groups were older (HF: 60 ± 8, COPD: 65 ± 7, HF + COPD: 68 ± 7). In relation to cardiac function, as expected, patients with COPD presented preserved ejection fraction (HF: 40 ± 7, COPD: 70 ± 8, HF + COPD: 38 ± 8) while in the HF and HF + COPD demonstrated similar levels of systolic dysfunction. The COPD and HF + COPD patients showed evidence of an obstructive ventilatory disorder confirmed by the value of %FEV ₁ (HF: 84 ± 20, COPD: 54 ± 21, HF + COPD: 65 ± 25). Patients with HF + COPD demonstrated a lower work rate (WR), peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O ₂ ), rate pressure product (RPP), CP and VP compared to those only diagnosed with HF and COPD. In addition, significant correlations were observed between lean mass and peak [Formula: see text]O ₂ (r: 0.56 p < 0.001), OUES (r: 0.42 p < 0.001), and O ₂ pulse (r: 0.58 p < 0.001), lung diffusing factor for carbon monoxide (D _LCO ) and WR (r: 0.51 p < 0.001), D _LCO and VP (r: 0.40 p: 0.002), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV ₁ ) and peak [Formula: see text]O ₂ (r: 0.52; p < 0.001), and FEV ₁ and WR (r: 0.62; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the occurrence of events and deaths contrasting both groups. The coexistence of HF + COPD induces greater impairment on exercise performance when compared to patients without overlapping diseases, however the overlap of the two diseases did not increase the probability of the occurrence of cardiopulmonary events and deaths when compared to groups with isolated diseases in the period studied. CPET provides important information to guide effective strategies for these patients with the goal of improving exercise performance and functional capacity. Moreover, given our findings related to pulmonary function, body composition and exercise responses, evidenced that the lean mass, FEV ₁ and D _LCO influence important responses to exercise.

Lander BS; Layton AM; Garofano RP; Schwartz A; Engel DJ; Bello NA;

The American journal of cardiology [Am J Cardiol] 2022 Feb 01; Vol. 164, pp. 21-26.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Nov 26.

Exercise stress testing is routinely performed to evaluate suspected coronary artery disease in older adults. However, the available data to predict and compare relative exercise capacity in the general population were developed using predominantly younger, healthy cohorts with few or no women. This study aimed to describe the exercise capacity of patients older than 75 years who underwent a clinically indicated Bruce protocol exercise stress test. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 2,041 consecutive patients older than 75 years who performed a Bruce protocol exercise stress echocardiogram that was terminated because of maximal effort without ischemia at Columbia University Medical Center between April 10, 2009, and July 30, 2020. The analytic sample included 2,041 exercise stress tests in 786 women (median [interquartile range] age 79 [77 to 81] years) and 1,255 men (median [interquartile range] age 79 [77 to 82] years). Cardiovascular risk factors and clinical coronary disease were common and more prevalent in men than women. The median exercise time for men aged 76 to 80 years was 7:22 (minutes:seconds) and for women was 6:00 and significantly decreased in both genders as age increased (p <0.001). The mean (SD) METs achieved for women and men were 6.5 (1.6) and 7.7 (1.7), respectively. Most women (85%) and men (95%) completed the first stage, whereas only 32% of women and 64% of men completed the second stage. It was uncommon for women (3%) or men (15%) to complete the third stage. Fewer than 1% of patients completed the fourth stage, and none completed the fifth stage. At all ages, women had a lower exercise capacity than men. These data allow physicians to compare the exercise capacity of older patients who underwent a Bruce protocol exercise stress test more accurately to a representative sample of similarly aged adults.

Del Punta L; De Biase N; Balletti A;Filidei F; Pieroni A; Armenia S; Mengozzi A; Mazzola M; Di Fiore V; Dini FL; Rosada J; Virdis A; Taddei S;Pugliese NR; Masi S;

High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension [High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev] 2022 Feb 02.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Feb 02.

Arterial hypertension (AH) is a global burden and the leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. Haemodynamic abnormalities, longstanding neurohormonal and inflammatory activation, which are commonly observed in patients with AH, promote cardiac structural remodeling ultimately leading to heart failure (HF) if blood pressure values remain uncontrolled. While several epidemiological studies have confirmed the strong link between AH and HF, the pathophysiological processes underlying this transition remain largely unclear. The combined cardiopulmonary-echocardiography stress test (CPET-ESE) represents a precious non-invasive aid to detect alterations in patients at the earliest stages of HF. The opportunity to study the response of the cardiovascular system to exercise, and to differentiate central from peripheral cardiovascular maladaptations, makes the CPET-ESE an ideal technique to gain insights into the mechanisms involved in the transition from AH to HF, by recognizing alterations that might be silent at rest but influence the response to exercise. Identifications of these subclinical alterations might allow for a better risk stratification in hypertensive patients, facilitating the recognition of those at higher risk of evolution towards established HF. This may also lead to the development of novel preventive strategies and help tailor medical treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarise the potential advantages of using CPET-ESE in the characterisation of hypertensive patients in the cardiovascular continuum.

Tran DL;Gibson H; Maiorana AJ; Verrall CE; Baker DW; Clode M; Lubans DR; Zannino D; Bullock A; Ferrie S; Briody J; Simm P; Wijesekera V; D’Almeida M; Gosbell SE; Davis GM; Weintraub R; Keech AC; Puranik R; Ugander M; Justo R; Zentner D; Majumdar A; Grigg L; Coombes JS; d’Udekem Y; Morris NR; Ayer J; Celermajer DS; Cordina R;

Frontiers in pediatrics [Front Pediatr] 2022 Jan 06; Vol. 9, pp. 799125.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 06 (Print Publication: 2021).

Background: Despite developments in surgical techniques and medical care, people with a Fontan circulation still experience long-term complications; non-invasive therapies to optimize the circulation have not been established. Exercise intolerance affects the majority of the population and is associated with worse prognosis. Historically, people living with a Fontan circulation were advised to avoid physical activity, but a small number of heterogenous, predominantly uncontrolled studies have shown that exercise training is safe-and for unique reasons, may even be of heightened importance in the setting of Fontan physiology. The mechanisms underlying improvements in aerobic exercise capacity and the effects of exercise training on circulatory and end-organ function remain incompletely understood. Furthermore, the optimal methods of exercise prescription are poorly characterized. This highlights the need for large, well-designed, multi-center, randomized, controlled trials.
Aims and Methods: The Fontan Fitness Intervention Trial (F-FIT)-a phase III clinical trial-aims to optimize exercise prescription and delivery in people with a Fontan circulation. In this multi-center, randomized, controlled study, eligible Fontan participants will be randomized to either a 4-month supervised aerobic and resistance exercise training program of moderate-to-vigorous intensity followed by an 8-month maintenance phase; or usual care (control group). Adolescent and adult (≥16 years) Fontan participants will be randomized to either traditional face-to-face exercise training, telehealth exercise training, or usual care in a three-arm trial with an allocation of 2:2:1 (traditional:telehealth:control). Children (<16 years) will be randomized to either a physical activity and exercise program of moderate-to-vigorous intensity or usual care in a two-arm trial with a 1:1 allocation. The primary outcome is a change in aerobic exercise capacity (peak oxygen uptake) at 4-months. Secondary outcomes include safety, and changes in cardiopulmonary exercise testing measures, peripheral venous pressure, respiratory muscle and lung function, body composition, liver stiffness, neuropsychological and neurocognitive function, physical activity levels, dietary and nutritional status, vascular function, neurohormonal activation, metabolites, cardiac function, quality of life, musculoskeletal fitness, and health care utilization. Outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, 4-months, and 12-months. This manuscript will describe the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in the Fontan circulation and the rationale and protocol for the F-FIT.

Lagiou O;  Fouzas S;Lykouras D; Sinopidis X; Karatza A; Karkoulias K; Dimitriou G; Anthracopoulos MB;

Journal of asthma and allergy [J Asthma Allergy] 2022 Jan 18; Vol. 15, pp. 89-98.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 18 (Print Publication: 2022).

Background: Children with uncontrolled asthma are less tolerant to exercise due to ventilatory limitation, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), or physical deconditioning. The contribution of these factors in children with controlled mild-to-moderate asthma is unknown.
Objective: To explore the underlying mechanisms of reduced exercise capacity in children with controlled mild-to-moderate asthma.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 45 children and adolescents (age 8-18 years) with controlled mild-to-moderate asthma (asthma control test score 21-25) and 61 age-matched healthy controls. All participants completed a physical activity questionnaire and performed spirometry and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET; maximal incremental protocol). Spirometric indices and CPET parameters were compared between the two groups. The effect of EIB (FEV ₁ decrease >10% post CPET), ventilatory limitation and physical deconditioning on maximum oxygen uptake (O ₂ peak), was assessed by multivariable linear regression.
Results: 62.2% of children with asthma and 29.5% of controls (P = 0.002) were categorized as inactive. Reduced exercise capacity (O ₂ peak <80%) was noted in 53.3% of asthmatics and 16.4% of controls (P < 0.001). EIB was documented in 11.1% of participants with asthma. Physical deconditioning was noted in 37.8% of children with asthma and in 14.8% of controls (P = 0.013). Physical deconditioning emerged as the only significant determinant of O ₂ peak, irrespective of asthma diagnosis, body mass index, ventilatory limitation and EIB.
Conclusion: Children with controlled mild-to-moderate asthma are less tolerant to strenuous exercise than their healthy peers. The decreased exercise capacity in this population should mainly be attributed to physical deconditioning, while the contribution of ventilatory limitation and EIB is rather small.

Przybylski R; Fischer IR; Gauvreau K; Alexander ME; Shafer KM; Colan SD; Miliaresis C; Rhodes J;

Pediatric cardiology [Pediatr Cardiol] 2022 Jan 20.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 20.

Exercise function is well characterized in adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM); however, there is a paucity of data in children and young adults with HCM. Here we sought to characterize exercise function in young people with HCM, understand limitations in exercise function by correlating exercise function parameters with echocardiogram parameters and identify prognostic value of exercise parameters. We performed a retrospective, single-center cohort study characterizing exercise function in patients < 26 years old with HCM undergoing cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Patients with syndromic HCM or submaximal effort were excluded. We compared exercise function in this cohort to population normal values and measured changes in exercise function over time. We correlated exercise function parameters with echocardiographic parameters and investigated the relationship between exercise test parameters and a clinical composite outcome comprised of significant ventricular arrhythmia, death, or heart transplantation. We identified 229 CPETs performed by 117 patients (mean age at time of first CPET 15.6 ± 3.2 years). Mean %-predicted peak VO2, O2 pulse, and peak heart rate were statistically significantly depressed compared to population normal values and exercise function gradually worsened over time. Abnormal exercise testing correlated closely with echocardiographic indices of diastolic dysfunction. There was a trend toward increased incidence of poor clinical outcome in patients with abnormal exercise function. While adverse clinical outcomes were rare, normal exercise function appears to be a marker of low risk for adverse clinical outcomes in this population.

Brat K; Homolka P; Merta Z; Chobola M; Heroutova M; Bratova M; Mitas L; Chovanec Z; Horvath T; Benej M; Ivicic J; Svoboda M; Sramek V; Olson LJ; Cundrle I Jr;

The Annals of thoracic surgery [Ann Thorac Surg] 2022 Jan 21.
Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 21.

Background: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters including ventilatory efficiency (V_E /VCO ₂ slope) are used for risk assessment of lung resection candidates. However, many patients are unable or unwilling to undergo exercise. V_E /VCO ₂ slope is closely related to the partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (P_ET CO ₂ ). We hypothesized P_ET CO ₂ at rest predicts post-operative pulmonary complications.
Methods: Consecutive lung resection candidates were included in this prospective multicenter study. Post-operative respiratory complications were assessed from the first 30 post-operative days or from the hospital stay. Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to analyze association with the development of post-operative pulmonary complications. The De Long test was used to compare AUCs. Data are summarized as median (IQR).
Results: Three hundred fifty-three subjects were analyzed of which 59 (17%) developed post-operative pulmonary complications. P_ET CO ₂ at rest was significantly lower [27 (24-30) vs. 29 (26-32) mmHg; P<0.01] and V_E /VCO ₂ slope during exercise significantly higher [35 (30-40) vs. 29 (25-33); P<0.01] in patients who developed post-operative pulmonary complications. Both rest P_ET CO ₂ with OR=0.90 (95%CI 0.83; 0.97); P=0.01 and V_E /VCO ₂ slope with OR=1.10 (95%CI 1.05; 1.16); P<0.01 were independently associated with post-operative pulmonary complications by multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis. There was no significant difference between AUCs of both models (rest P_ET CO ₂ : AUC=0.79 (95%CI 0.74; 0.85); V_E /VCO ₂ slope: AUC=0.81 (95%CI 0.75; 0.86); P=0.48).
Conclusions: P_ET CO ₂ at rest has similar prognostic utility as V_E /VCO ₂ slope suggesting rest P_ET CO ₂ may be used for post-operative pulmonary complications prediction in lung resection candidates.

Singh I; Joseph P; Heerdt PM; Cullinan M; Lutchmansingh DD; Gulati M;
Possick JD; Systrom DM; Waxman AB

Chest. 161(1):54-63, 2022 01.VI 1

BACKGROUND: Some patients with COVID-19 who have recovered from the acute
infection after experiencing only mild symptoms continue to exhibit
persistent exertional limitation that often is unexplained by conventional
investigative studies.
RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the pathophysiologic mechanism of exercise
intolerance that underlies the post-COVID-19 long-haul syndrome in
patients without cardiopulmonary disease?
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study examined the systemic and pulmonary
hemodynamics, ventilation, and gas exchange in 10 patients who recovered
from COVID-19 and were without cardiopulmonary disease during invasive
cardiopulmonary exercise testing (iCPET) and compared the results with
those from 10 age- and sex-matched control participants. These data then
were used to define potential reasons for exertional limitation in the
cohort of patients who had recovered from COVID-19.
RESULTS: The patients who had recovered from COVID-19 exhibited markedly
reduced peak exercise aerobic capacity (oxygen consumption [VO2]) compared
with control participants (70 +/- 11% predicted vs 131 +/- 45% predicted;
P < .0001). This reduction in peak VO2 was associated with impaired
systemic oxygen extraction (ie, narrow arterial-mixed venous oxygen
content difference to arterial oxygen content ratio) compared with control
participants (0.49 +/- 0.1 vs 0.78 +/- 0.1; P < .0001), despite a
preserved peak cardiac index (7.8 +/- 3.1 L/min vs 8.4+/-2.3 L/min; P >
.05). Additionally, patients who had recovered from COVID-19 demonstrated
greater ventilatory inefficiency (ie, abnormal ventilatory efficiency
[VE/VCO2] slope: 35 +/- 5 vs 27 +/- 5; P = .01) compared with control
participants without an increase in dead space ventilation.
INTERPRETATION: Patients who have recovered from COVID-19 without
cardiopulmonary disease demonstrate a marked reduction in peak VO2 from a
peripheral rather than a central cardiac limit, along with an exaggerated
hyperventilatory response during exercise.